Present Continuous

El present continuous complementa al present simple para expresar acciones que están teniendo lugar en este preciso momento, o en un futuro cercano.

Esta forma verbal se consigue usando el verbo to be + verbo + ing, logrando frases como: I am studying english, He is watching TV, They are playing football.

Además expresar acciones que tienen lugar ahora mismo, también se utiliza para expresar acciones que se desarrollan en un periodo de tiempo prologando incluyendo la actualidad: I am reading a book, I am studying to become a doctor.

También se puede utilizar para expresar un futuro cercano I am playing football tonight, He is meeting some friends after dinner.

Finalmente es importante conocer como se utilizar esta forma verbal en frases negativas e interrogaciones. Sigue estos ejemplos:

I am cooking fish
You are not cooking fish
Is she cooking fish?

Ejercicios con Present Continuous

He ... playing soccer with his friends
... you comming to the party?
They ... not going to pass the exam

IMPERATIVES

Básicamente en el uso de los imperativos (órdenes, sugerencias, invitaciones, etc.) suelen presentarse tres alternativas, a saber:


a) Cuando le PEDIMOS u ORDENAMOS a alguien que haga algo, se utiliza la forma básica del verbo sin el to infinitivo (come/go/do/wait/be, etc). Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos:

Come here and look at this!! (¡¡Acércate a ver esto!!)
I don't like you. Go away!! (Me desagradas. ¡¡Véte!!)
Please, wait for me!! (Por favor, ¡¡espérame!!)
Be quiet. I'm working hard. (No hagas ruido. Estoy trabajando mucho.)
Goodbye. Have a nice day!! (Adiós. ¡¡Que tengas un buen día!!)

El negativo es don't... = do not (don't come/don't go/don't do/don't wait/don't be, etc.):

Stay here!! Please, don't go!! (¡Quédate! Por favor, ¡no te vayas!)
Don't be silly!! (¡¡No seas tonto!!)
Be careful. Don't fall. (Ten cuidado. No te caigas.)

b) A modo de invitación o sugerencia, puedes utilizar Let's... cuando deseas que alguien HAGA ALGO contigo. Let's = Let us (hagamos algo):

It's a nice day. Let's go to the park. ( = you and I can go to the park)
(Es un lindo día. Vamos al parque.)

Come on!! Let's dance. ( = you and I can dance)
(¡¡Ven!! Bailemos.)

Are you ready? Let's go!! ( = you and I can go)
(¿Estás listo? ¡¡Vamos!!)

Let's have fisher for dinner tonight. ( = you and I can have fish for dinner)
(Comamos pescado en la cena de esta noche.)

c) Cuando deseas que alguien NO HAGA algo contigo, se usa la estructura negativa Let's not... (no hagamos...):

It's cold. Let's not go out. Let's stay home.
(Hace frío. No salgamos. Quedémonos en casa.)

Let's not have fisher for dinner. Let's have chicken.
(No comamos pescado en la cena. Comamos pollo.)

WH Questions

Aquí las tenemos en inglés:
*What? - ¿Qué? (aunque haciendo una traducción literal al castellano a veces puede significar ¿Cómo? ó ¿Cuál?)

*Where? - ¿Dónde?

Why? - ¿Por qué?

*When? - ¿Cuándo?

Which? - ¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles?


(*) Términos a los que prestaremos especial atención en el trimestre

Vamos a verlas una por una con ejemplos:


What?
What is your name? -> ¿Cómo te llamas?

What do you do? -> ¿Qué haces?

What is you favourite colour? -> ¿Cuál es tu color favorito? (Si tuviéramos una representación de colores delante usaríamos which en vez de what, pero which lo veremos más adelante).

What is the weather like today? ¿Qué tiempo hace hoy?

What day is today? -> ¿Qué día es hoy?


Where?
Where do you live? -> ¿Dónde vives?

Where are you from? -> ¿De dónde eres?

Where is my pencil case? -> ¿Dónde está mi estuche?


Why?
Why are you so happy? -> ¿Por qué eres tan feliz?

Why are you studying? -> Por qué estás estudiando?



When?
When is your anniversary?

When do you have breakfast?

When do you go home?


Which?
Which is your favourite teacher?

Which is your favourite flower in the garden?

DIRECT OBJECT

Definition: A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a "transitive verb" in an active sentence or shows the result of the action. It answers the question "What?" or "Whom?" after an action verb.
For example:

•Mary burnt the toast.
* What did Mary burn? - She burnt the toast. "toast" is the direct object

A simple direct object is only the noun or pronoun, whereas a complex direct object consists of that noun and pronoun and any modifiers that accompany it.

For example:

•Mary burnt the toast and the eggs.
* What did Mary burn? - She burnt the toast and the eggs. "toast" and "eggs" are the direct objects.

Useful method for determining direct objects
Another useful method for determining whether a noun or noun phrase acts as the direct object is to attempt to rephrase the sentence in the passive voice. If you can turn the sentence into the passive form, then the direct object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. If the noun or noun phrase is not a direct object, then the sentence will not convert into a passive form.

For example:

•Active: Todd sang a song.
=> Passive: A song was sung by Todd.
* The direct object, "a song," of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive one.
•Active: Ashley became a track star.
* "A track star" is not a direct object and thus cannot become the subject in a passive sentence.

Examples

•She closed the door.
* "door" is the direct object because it is directly affected by her action.
•Mail the letter and call him
* "letter" and "him" are direct objects
•King Arthur grabbed his sword.
* King Arthur is the subject, because he performs the verb. "Grabbed" is the verb; "his" is a possessive pronoun; the sword is the direct object because the grabbing is performed upon it.

INDIRECT OBJETC

Definition:

An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct object. There must be a direct object to have an indirect object. Indirect objects are usually found with verbs of giving or communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer. An indirect object is always a noun or pronoun which is not part of a prepositional phrase. Indirect objects are usually placed directly before the direct object.
For example:

•He gave Mary a rose.
* The predicate of the above sentence consists of the transitive verb "gave," the indirect object "Mary," and the direct object "rose."

Indirect objects can also be complex, consisting of the simple indirect object and all the words describing it.

For example:

•I bought the little boy with the crooked grin a lollipop.
* simple indirect object = "boy"
* complex indirect object = "the little boy with the crooked grin"

Examples

•She gave me the report.
* Who received the report? "Me". So "Me" is the Indirect object.
•King Arthur put her sword on the table.
* King Arthur is the subject; "put" is the verb; the sword is the direct object; the table is the indirect object.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of Frequency - Adverbios de Frecuencia

Se utilizan para indicar con qué frecuencia se realiza la acción inidicada por el verbo.



Adverbs of Frequency

always
usually
often
frequently
sometimes
seldom
never
everyday
every + day
every Thursday
on + day + "s"
on Thursdays
once a month
twice a month
three times a month
once a week
twice a week
three times a week



Ejemplos:

I always go to school by bus.
Siempre voy a la escuela en autobús.

I usually get up at 7.
Usualmente me despierto a las 7.

I often / frequently watch TV in the evening.
Frecuentemente miro TV por la noche.

I sometimes have lunch in a restaurant.
A veces almuerzo en un restaurant.

I seldom have breakfast.
Rara vez tomo el desayuno.

I never arrive late.
Nunca llego tarde.

Everyday I have homework.
Todos los días tengo tareas.

Every Monday I have gym.
Todos los lunes tengo gimnasia.

On Mondays I have gym.
Los lunes tengo gimnasia.

Once a month I have a test.
Una vez por mes tengo examen.

Twice a month I have a test.
Dos veces por mes tengo examen.

Three times a month I have a test.
Tres veces por mes tengo examen.

I play tennis once a week.
Juego al tenis una vez por semana.

I play tennis twice a week.
Juego al tenis dos veces por semana.

I play tennis three times a week.
Juego al tenis tres veces por semana.

Simple Present

Simple Present

El tiempo Presente Simple es el tiempo de verbo que se utiliza, entre otras cosas, para expresar acciones, eventos o situaciones al momento en que se habla. Por ejemplo:

Ann is a teacher.
Ann es maestra.

She lives in London.
Vive en Londres.

My brother wears glasses.
Mi hermano usa anteojos.

Este tiempo también se usa para expresar acciones habituales, que transcurren con cierta frecuencia. Por ejemplo:

Ann gets up at 7.
Ann se despierta a las 7.

She usually has breakfast at 8.
Usualmente desayuna a las 8.

She never arrives late.
Nunca llega tarde.

Sin saberlo, en las lecciones anteriores ya ha aprendido a conjugar los verbos en este tiempo.

Recordemos: Al conjugar los verbos regulares en tiempo presente, debe agregarse para la tercera persona del singular (He / She / It) una "s" al verbo base, mientras que para las demás personas el verbo permanece igual.

I live in London.
You live in London.
He lives in London.
She lives in London.
We live in London.
They live in London.

Pero cuando el verbo base termina en vocal (por ejemplo, "to go") se agrega "es" para la tercera persona del singular:

I go to the cinema.
You go to the cinema.
He goes to the cinema.
She goes to the cinema.
We go to the cinema.
They go to the cinema.

Para realizar preguntas en este tiempo verbal, se usa el auxiliar DO o DOES para la tercera persona del singular, como ya hemos visto. Y se contesta con Yes / No seguido de la persona y su auxiliar correspondiente afirmativo o negativo.

Do you live in London?
Yes, I do.

Does she go to the cinema?
No, she doesn't.

Para realizar una pregunta específica, se usa la "question word" y luego, se sigue el mismo método. Se responde usando la frase completa.

Where do you live?
I live in London.

Where does she go?
She goes to the cinema.

Days of the week

>
Days of the Week
Notice that "weekdays" and "days of the week" are not the same. "Days of the week" are all 7 days from Monday to Sunday. "Weekdays" are only the 5 days from Monday to Friday. The "weekend" is Saturday and Sunday.

Preposition of place

Una casa entre los árboles

AROUND alrededor de

Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia.

We were sitting around the table / Estábamos sentados alrededor de la mesa

BEHIND detrás de

Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia

I put it behind the painting / Lo puse detrás del cuadro

BETWEEN entre (entre dos)

Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia

To drive between Madrid and Barcelona / Conducir entre Madrid y Barcelona

IN en, dentro de

INSIDE interior, dentro de

The inside of the box / El interior de la caja

INTO en

Puede indicar lugar o circunstancia

I went into the bedroom / Entré en la habitación

Diferencia entre ‘in’ e ‘into’

‘In’ significa ‘en’ (dentro) generalmente en posición estática (no implica movimiento)
‘into’ (en) implica movimiento








NEAR cerca de

Is there a police station near here? / ¿Hay una comisaría por aquí cerca?

ON, (equivalente a UPON, que es menos usual) sobre, encima de,

My hat is on the table / Mi sombrero está sobre la mesa

OUTSIDE fuera de

Indica lugar

Outside the prison walls / Fuera de los muros de la prisión

OVER sobre, por encima de

We flew over New York / Volamos sobre Nueva York

THROUGH a través de

Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia

He made his way through the traffic / Se hizo paso a través del tráfico





Through the window
A través de la ventana

TO a, hacia,

Movimiento hacia un lugar:

Let’s go to the cinema! / ¡Vámonos al cine!

UNDER debajo de, bajo

Under the chair / Debajo de la silla

Time and Preposition of time

ON: Usamos on para los días de la semana, fechas y días especiales.

On 14th January
On Christma’s Day
On Monday

IN: Usamos in para meses del año, estaciones, y partes del día.

In April
In Summer
In the morring, in the afternon,in the ibinany

AT: Usamos at para las horas, festividades, con la palabra night.

At half past nine
At Chistmas, Easter
At night



Different Ways to Say the Time
Time Ways to Say the Time

4:00 It's four o'clock

2:15 It's Quarter past two // It's two fifteen

6:30 It's half past six // It's six thirty

2:45 It's quarter to three // It's two forty-five

7:50 It's ten to eight // It's seven fifty

8:11 It's eleven minutes past eight // It's eight eleven

11:48 It's twelve minutes to twelve // It's eleven forty-eight

Noon (middle of the day)

Midnight (middle of the night)