Cardinal Numbers

Table of Cardinal Numbers
Carcinal numbers from 1 through 1,000,000 1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 31 thirty-one
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 40 forty
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 50 fifty
4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four 60 sixty
5 five 15 fifteen 25 twenty-five 70 seventy
6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six 80 eighty
7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven 90 ninety
8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight 100 a/one hundred
9 nine 19 nineteen 29 twenty-nine 1,000 a/one thousand
10 ten 20 twenty 30 thirty 1,000,000 a/one million

Ordinal Numbers

When objects are placed in order, we use ordinal numbers to tell their position. Ordinal numbers are similar to the numbers that you learned before (they are called Cardinal numbers). If ten students ran a race, we would say that the student that ran the fastest was in first place, the next student was in second place, and so on.

The first ten ordinal numbers are:

First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth

Possessive Pronoun

Definition: We use the Possessive Pronouns when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a possession relation.
Subject Possessive
I Mine
You Yours
He His
She Hers
It Its
We Ours
You Yours
They Theirs


For example:


This is my book.
* In this example, we can substitute "my book" for the possessive pronoun "mine". => This is mine.

This is your disk and that's mine.
* Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.

A possessive pronoun indicates it is acting as a subject complement or a subject of the sentence.

For example:


The smallest gift is mine.
This is yours.
* Here the possessive pronouns acts as a subject complement.

His is on the kitchen counter.
Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.
Ours is the green one on the corner.
* Here the possessive pronoun acts as the subject of the sentence.

Note : Possessive pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives.

For example:


You can borrow my book as long as you remember that it's not yours.
=> The possessive "my" depends on the noun "book."
=> The possessive "yours" is a pronoun which stands in the place of "your book".

When you drive to Manitoba, will you take your car or theirs?
=> The possessive "your" depends on the noun "car."
=> The possessive pronoun, "theirs," stands in the place of the noun phrase, "their car."

Possessive Adjectives Adjetivos Posesivos

Possessive Adjectives Adjetivos Posesivos

Se utilizan para indicar a quién pertenece el sujeto u objeto de la oración. Van seguidos de un sustantivo (o una cláusula nominal).

Possessive Adjectives
my mi / mis
your tu / tus
his su / sus
her su / sus
its su / sus
our nuestro/a/os/as
your vuestro/a/os/as
their su / sus



Como se puede observar, son muchos menos que en español, ya que no se diferencian en singular o plural. Por ejemplo:

my car mi auto

my cars mis autos

Sin embargo, debe prestar atención cuando se refiere a la tercera persona, ya que en castellano se usa "su" en todos los casos, mientras que en inglés varían según la persona.

Note además que "your" puede referirse al singular (tu) o al plural (vuestro).

my house
your house
his house
her house
its house
our house
your house
their house

Si se está hablando de una persona y se describe su casa, se usaría his o her, según el sexo de dicha persona.

John lives in New York. His house is very big.
Susan lives in New York. Her house is very big.

Pero si se habla de un animal se debe utilizar its.

The cat lives in New York. Its name is Bob.

Verb Tobe

Full Forms of the verb to be

I am a student.
He is a teacher.
She is a journalist.
It is a book.
We are mechanics.
You are pilots.
They are policemen.


Contracted forms of the verb to be

I am a student.
He is a teacher.
She is a journalist.
It is a book.
We are mechanics.
You are pilots.
They are policemen.


El verbo 'To be' tiene una importancia especial en inglés. Se corresponde a los verbos españoles "ser" y "estar". Dependiendo del sentido de la frase deduciremos de cual de los dos se trata.

I am English / Soy inglés
I am in England / Estoy en Inglaterra

Tiene algunos usos especiales distintos a sus equivalentes españoles.

- Sirve para expresar la edad, en cuyo caso se traduce por 'tener':

Mary is 20 years old / Maria tiene 20 años
I am 21 / Yo tengo 21 años
How old are you? / ¿Cuántos años tienes?

- Para expresar las sensaciones también se emplea el verbo 'to be' y equivale al 'tener' español.

Are you hungry? / ¿Tienes hambre?
He is thirsty / Tiene sed

- También para hablar sobre el tiempo atmosférico. En este caso se traduce por 'hacer'

It's windy / Hace viento
It's very cold / Hace mucho frío

PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO

FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA
I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) am I?
soy, estoy no soy, no estoy ¿soy yo?, ¿estoy yo?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not) are you?
eres, estás no eres, no estás ¿eres tú?, ¿estás tú?
he is (he's) he is not (he's not) is he?
él es, está él no es, no está ¿es él?, ¿está él?
we are (we're) we are not (we're not) are we?
somos, estamos no somos, no estamos ¿somos?, ¿estamos?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not) are you?
sois, estáis no sois, no estáis ¿sois?, ¿estáis?
they are (they're) they are not (they're not) are they?
ellos son, están ellos no son, no están ¿son, están ellos

The Demosntrative Pronoun

Demonstrative pronouns (this - these / that - those)


Singular (this & that)

This is used to point at something close to you (this es esto / esta)

This is my laptop (I am touching it)
This radio does not work.

That is used to point at something far from you (that es eso / esa)

That jacket is not mine.
That is the best book I have read.

Plural (These / Those)

These (estos - estas) is the plural of this and it is used for close objects or people which are close

These are my favorite shoes.
These books are very old.

Those (esos - esas) is the plural of that and it is used for close objects or people which are far

Those are not my socks.
Those pictures are excellent.

The Demostrative Adjective

1) Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives:


Singular Plural Distance
This These Close to the speaker
That Those Far from the speaker

Demonstrative Pronouns: substitute nouns that are understood in context and indicate if they are replacing singular or plural nouns and give the location of the object.
Examples:
What’s that? (that se refiere a algo en singular y que se encuentra alejado de la persona)
- That is a book. (That es el sujeto pues va antes del verbo to be)

En estos casos son Demonstrative Pronouns pues renombran a un sustantivo (noun)

Demonstrative Adjectives: these describe nouns and there position. In this case, you need to put a noun after the demonstrative adjectives.
Examples:
Whose is this umbrella? (el sustantivo es “umbrella” y “this” esta describiendo la localización)
- That umbrella is Juan’s. (De igual forma “that” describa la localizacion de el paragua pero umbrella es el sujeto y sustantivo)

En ingles es mas simple que en ingles asi que recomiendo aprender la estructura sin necesidad de traducir pues en espanol hay mas reglas.

Introductions

There are a number of phrases that are commonly used to introduce strangers.

(name), I don't think you've met (name).
I don't think you know (name)
May I introduce you to (name)
(name), do you know (name)?
(name), I'd like you to meet (name)

When you meet someone the first time, it is common to greet the person with "How do you do?" the correct response is "How do you do." Here is a short introductory conversation:


Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: How do you do.
Ken: Mary works for ...

A variation is also "It's a pleasure to meet you." or "Pleased to meet you."

Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: It's a pleasure to meet you.
Mary: How do you do.
Ken: Mary works for ...

Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: Pleased to meet you.
Ken: Mary works for ...

In informal situations, especially in North America, introductions are also made simply saying: "This is (name)." It is also common to just say "Hi" or "Hello" as a response in this informal setting.

Ken: Peter, this is Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: Pleased to meet you.
Ken: Mary works for ...

It is also quite common to shake hands when you are introduced. After the initial introduction, hand shaking generally takes place in more formal, business situations. Otherwise, people just say "Hi."

Indefinite Article A´- AN

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

A / AN

Use 'a' with nouns starting with a consonant (letters that are not vowels),
'an' with nouns starting with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u)

Examples:

A boy
An apple
A car
An orange
A house
An opera

NOTE:
An before an h mute - an hour, an honour.
A before u and eu when they sound like 'you': a european, a university, a unit

The indefinite article is used:

to refer to something for the first time:
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
Would you like a drink?
I've finally got a good job.
to refer to a particular member of a group or class
Examples:

with names of jobs:
John is a doctor.
Mary is training to be an engineer.
He wants to be a dancer.
with nationalities and religions:
John is an Englishman.
Kate is a Catholic.
with musical instruments:
Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when the visitor arrived.
(BUT to describe the activity we say "He plays the violin.")
with names of days:
I was born on a Thursday


to refer to a kind of, or example of something:
the mouse had a tiny nose
the elephant had a long trunk
it was a very strange car
with singular nouns, after the words 'what' and 'such':
What a shame!
She's such a beautiful girl.
meaning 'one', referring to a single object or person:
I'd like an orange and two lemons please.
The burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting.

Notice also that we usually say a hundred, a thousand, a million.


NOTE: that we use 'one' to add emphasis or to contrast with other numbers:
I don't know one person who likes eating elephant meat.
We've got six computers but only one printer.

Personal Pronouns

Summary of the Forms of the Personal Pronouns
Se utilizan para indicar a quién pertenece algo. Como son pronombres, reemplazan al sustantivo al que se está haciendo referencia.




Dates

In American English the month is usually put before the day. If you wish, you can put the definite article before the day. It is common to write a comma before the year.

Dates:

Example: October (the) 5(th), 2004
You can also write the date by using numbers only. The most common forms are:
Example: 5/10/04 or 5-10-04

Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers