Countables and Uncountables

Contables
Los contables son aquellos nombres de cosas, gente, etc que nosotros podemos contar. Por ejemplo nosotros podemos decir: one pencil, two pencils, three pencils... Entonces decimos que pencil es contable.

chair, book, cat, pen, box, letter ...

Incontables
Incontable es todo aquello que nosotros no podemos contar. Por ejemplo nosotros no podemos decir: one rice, two rices, three rices... Entonces decimos que rice es incontable.

salt, wood, tea, wine, sugar, oxygen, advice, bread, furniture, hair, information, money, news, spaghetti, weather, rice

Quantifiers

much or many
much: uncountable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)
many: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)

Examples:
How much money have you got?
How many dollars have you got?


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a little or a few
a little: non countable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.)
a few: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.)

Examples:
He has a little money left.
He has a few dollars left.


some: affirmative statements, offers, requests and in questions when you expect the answer "yes"

any: negative statements, questions

Have you got any bananas? No, we haven't got any. But we've got some oranges.

Can Should

Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.

Examples:

•I can ride a horse. ability
•We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. opportunity
•She cannot stay out after 10 PM. permission
•Can you hand me the stapler? request
•Any child can grow up to be president. possibility

Should
"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

Examples:

•When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation
•You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
•I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
•By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation

Present Continuous

El present continuous complementa al present simple para expresar acciones que están teniendo lugar en este preciso momento, o en un futuro cercano.

Esta forma verbal se consigue usando el verbo to be + verbo + ing, logrando frases como: I am studying english, He is watching TV, They are playing football.

Además expresar acciones que tienen lugar ahora mismo, también se utiliza para expresar acciones que se desarrollan en un periodo de tiempo prologando incluyendo la actualidad: I am reading a book, I am studying to become a doctor.

También se puede utilizar para expresar un futuro cercano I am playing football tonight, He is meeting some friends after dinner.

Finalmente es importante conocer como se utilizar esta forma verbal en frases negativas e interrogaciones. Sigue estos ejemplos:

I am cooking fish
You are not cooking fish
Is she cooking fish?

Ejercicios con Present Continuous

He ... playing soccer with his friends
... you comming to the party?
They ... not going to pass the exam

IMPERATIVES

Básicamente en el uso de los imperativos (órdenes, sugerencias, invitaciones, etc.) suelen presentarse tres alternativas, a saber:


a) Cuando le PEDIMOS u ORDENAMOS a alguien que haga algo, se utiliza la forma básica del verbo sin el to infinitivo (come/go/do/wait/be, etc). Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos:

Come here and look at this!! (¡¡Acércate a ver esto!!)
I don't like you. Go away!! (Me desagradas. ¡¡Véte!!)
Please, wait for me!! (Por favor, ¡¡espérame!!)
Be quiet. I'm working hard. (No hagas ruido. Estoy trabajando mucho.)
Goodbye. Have a nice day!! (Adiós. ¡¡Que tengas un buen día!!)

El negativo es don't... = do not (don't come/don't go/don't do/don't wait/don't be, etc.):

Stay here!! Please, don't go!! (¡Quédate! Por favor, ¡no te vayas!)
Don't be silly!! (¡¡No seas tonto!!)
Be careful. Don't fall. (Ten cuidado. No te caigas.)

b) A modo de invitación o sugerencia, puedes utilizar Let's... cuando deseas que alguien HAGA ALGO contigo. Let's = Let us (hagamos algo):

It's a nice day. Let's go to the park. ( = you and I can go to the park)
(Es un lindo día. Vamos al parque.)

Come on!! Let's dance. ( = you and I can dance)
(¡¡Ven!! Bailemos.)

Are you ready? Let's go!! ( = you and I can go)
(¿Estás listo? ¡¡Vamos!!)

Let's have fisher for dinner tonight. ( = you and I can have fish for dinner)
(Comamos pescado en la cena de esta noche.)

c) Cuando deseas que alguien NO HAGA algo contigo, se usa la estructura negativa Let's not... (no hagamos...):

It's cold. Let's not go out. Let's stay home.
(Hace frío. No salgamos. Quedémonos en casa.)

Let's not have fisher for dinner. Let's have chicken.
(No comamos pescado en la cena. Comamos pollo.)

WH Questions

Aquí las tenemos en inglés:
*What? - ¿Qué? (aunque haciendo una traducción literal al castellano a veces puede significar ¿Cómo? ó ¿Cuál?)

*Where? - ¿Dónde?

Why? - ¿Por qué?

*When? - ¿Cuándo?

Which? - ¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles?


(*) Términos a los que prestaremos especial atención en el trimestre

Vamos a verlas una por una con ejemplos:


What?
What is your name? -> ¿Cómo te llamas?

What do you do? -> ¿Qué haces?

What is you favourite colour? -> ¿Cuál es tu color favorito? (Si tuviéramos una representación de colores delante usaríamos which en vez de what, pero which lo veremos más adelante).

What is the weather like today? ¿Qué tiempo hace hoy?

What day is today? -> ¿Qué día es hoy?


Where?
Where do you live? -> ¿Dónde vives?

Where are you from? -> ¿De dónde eres?

Where is my pencil case? -> ¿Dónde está mi estuche?


Why?
Why are you so happy? -> ¿Por qué eres tan feliz?

Why are you studying? -> Por qué estás estudiando?



When?
When is your anniversary?

When do you have breakfast?

When do you go home?


Which?
Which is your favourite teacher?

Which is your favourite flower in the garden?

DIRECT OBJECT

Definition: A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a "transitive verb" in an active sentence or shows the result of the action. It answers the question "What?" or "Whom?" after an action verb.
For example:

•Mary burnt the toast.
* What did Mary burn? - She burnt the toast. "toast" is the direct object

A simple direct object is only the noun or pronoun, whereas a complex direct object consists of that noun and pronoun and any modifiers that accompany it.

For example:

•Mary burnt the toast and the eggs.
* What did Mary burn? - She burnt the toast and the eggs. "toast" and "eggs" are the direct objects.

Useful method for determining direct objects
Another useful method for determining whether a noun or noun phrase acts as the direct object is to attempt to rephrase the sentence in the passive voice. If you can turn the sentence into the passive form, then the direct object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. If the noun or noun phrase is not a direct object, then the sentence will not convert into a passive form.

For example:

•Active: Todd sang a song.
=> Passive: A song was sung by Todd.
* The direct object, "a song," of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive one.
•Active: Ashley became a track star.
* "A track star" is not a direct object and thus cannot become the subject in a passive sentence.

Examples

•She closed the door.
* "door" is the direct object because it is directly affected by her action.
•Mail the letter and call him
* "letter" and "him" are direct objects
•King Arthur grabbed his sword.
* King Arthur is the subject, because he performs the verb. "Grabbed" is the verb; "his" is a possessive pronoun; the sword is the direct object because the grabbing is performed upon it.

INDIRECT OBJETC

Definition:

An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct object. There must be a direct object to have an indirect object. Indirect objects are usually found with verbs of giving or communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer. An indirect object is always a noun or pronoun which is not part of a prepositional phrase. Indirect objects are usually placed directly before the direct object.
For example:

•He gave Mary a rose.
* The predicate of the above sentence consists of the transitive verb "gave," the indirect object "Mary," and the direct object "rose."

Indirect objects can also be complex, consisting of the simple indirect object and all the words describing it.

For example:

•I bought the little boy with the crooked grin a lollipop.
* simple indirect object = "boy"
* complex indirect object = "the little boy with the crooked grin"

Examples

•She gave me the report.
* Who received the report? "Me". So "Me" is the Indirect object.
•King Arthur put her sword on the table.
* King Arthur is the subject; "put" is the verb; the sword is the direct object; the table is the indirect object.

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of Frequency - Adverbios de Frecuencia

Se utilizan para indicar con qué frecuencia se realiza la acción inidicada por el verbo.



Adverbs of Frequency

always
usually
often
frequently
sometimes
seldom
never
everyday
every + day
every Thursday
on + day + "s"
on Thursdays
once a month
twice a month
three times a month
once a week
twice a week
three times a week



Ejemplos:

I always go to school by bus.
Siempre voy a la escuela en autobús.

I usually get up at 7.
Usualmente me despierto a las 7.

I often / frequently watch TV in the evening.
Frecuentemente miro TV por la noche.

I sometimes have lunch in a restaurant.
A veces almuerzo en un restaurant.

I seldom have breakfast.
Rara vez tomo el desayuno.

I never arrive late.
Nunca llego tarde.

Everyday I have homework.
Todos los días tengo tareas.

Every Monday I have gym.
Todos los lunes tengo gimnasia.

On Mondays I have gym.
Los lunes tengo gimnasia.

Once a month I have a test.
Una vez por mes tengo examen.

Twice a month I have a test.
Dos veces por mes tengo examen.

Three times a month I have a test.
Tres veces por mes tengo examen.

I play tennis once a week.
Juego al tenis una vez por semana.

I play tennis twice a week.
Juego al tenis dos veces por semana.

I play tennis three times a week.
Juego al tenis tres veces por semana.

Simple Present

Simple Present

El tiempo Presente Simple es el tiempo de verbo que se utiliza, entre otras cosas, para expresar acciones, eventos o situaciones al momento en que se habla. Por ejemplo:

Ann is a teacher.
Ann es maestra.

She lives in London.
Vive en Londres.

My brother wears glasses.
Mi hermano usa anteojos.

Este tiempo también se usa para expresar acciones habituales, que transcurren con cierta frecuencia. Por ejemplo:

Ann gets up at 7.
Ann se despierta a las 7.

She usually has breakfast at 8.
Usualmente desayuna a las 8.

She never arrives late.
Nunca llega tarde.

Sin saberlo, en las lecciones anteriores ya ha aprendido a conjugar los verbos en este tiempo.

Recordemos: Al conjugar los verbos regulares en tiempo presente, debe agregarse para la tercera persona del singular (He / She / It) una "s" al verbo base, mientras que para las demás personas el verbo permanece igual.

I live in London.
You live in London.
He lives in London.
She lives in London.
We live in London.
They live in London.

Pero cuando el verbo base termina en vocal (por ejemplo, "to go") se agrega "es" para la tercera persona del singular:

I go to the cinema.
You go to the cinema.
He goes to the cinema.
She goes to the cinema.
We go to the cinema.
They go to the cinema.

Para realizar preguntas en este tiempo verbal, se usa el auxiliar DO o DOES para la tercera persona del singular, como ya hemos visto. Y se contesta con Yes / No seguido de la persona y su auxiliar correspondiente afirmativo o negativo.

Do you live in London?
Yes, I do.

Does she go to the cinema?
No, she doesn't.

Para realizar una pregunta específica, se usa la "question word" y luego, se sigue el mismo método. Se responde usando la frase completa.

Where do you live?
I live in London.

Where does she go?
She goes to the cinema.

Days of the week

>
Days of the Week
Notice that "weekdays" and "days of the week" are not the same. "Days of the week" are all 7 days from Monday to Sunday. "Weekdays" are only the 5 days from Monday to Friday. The "weekend" is Saturday and Sunday.

Preposition of place

Una casa entre los árboles

AROUND alrededor de

Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia.

We were sitting around the table / Estábamos sentados alrededor de la mesa

BEHIND detrás de

Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia

I put it behind the painting / Lo puse detrás del cuadro

BETWEEN entre (entre dos)

Puede indicar tiempo, lugar o circunstancia

To drive between Madrid and Barcelona / Conducir entre Madrid y Barcelona

IN en, dentro de

INSIDE interior, dentro de

The inside of the box / El interior de la caja

INTO en

Puede indicar lugar o circunstancia

I went into the bedroom / Entré en la habitación

Diferencia entre ‘in’ e ‘into’

‘In’ significa ‘en’ (dentro) generalmente en posición estática (no implica movimiento)
‘into’ (en) implica movimiento








NEAR cerca de

Is there a police station near here? / ¿Hay una comisaría por aquí cerca?

ON, (equivalente a UPON, que es menos usual) sobre, encima de,

My hat is on the table / Mi sombrero está sobre la mesa

OUTSIDE fuera de

Indica lugar

Outside the prison walls / Fuera de los muros de la prisión

OVER sobre, por encima de

We flew over New York / Volamos sobre Nueva York

THROUGH a través de

Puede indicar lugar, tiempo o circunstancia

He made his way through the traffic / Se hizo paso a través del tráfico





Through the window
A través de la ventana

TO a, hacia,

Movimiento hacia un lugar:

Let’s go to the cinema! / ¡Vámonos al cine!

UNDER debajo de, bajo

Under the chair / Debajo de la silla

Time and Preposition of time

ON: Usamos on para los días de la semana, fechas y días especiales.

On 14th January
On Christma’s Day
On Monday

IN: Usamos in para meses del año, estaciones, y partes del día.

In April
In Summer
In the morring, in the afternon,in the ibinany

AT: Usamos at para las horas, festividades, con la palabra night.

At half past nine
At Chistmas, Easter
At night



Different Ways to Say the Time
Time Ways to Say the Time

4:00 It's four o'clock

2:15 It's Quarter past two // It's two fifteen

6:30 It's half past six // It's six thirty

2:45 It's quarter to three // It's two forty-five

7:50 It's ten to eight // It's seven fifty

8:11 It's eleven minutes past eight // It's eight eleven

11:48 It's twelve minutes to twelve // It's eleven forty-eight

Noon (middle of the day)

Midnight (middle of the night)

Cardinal Numbers

Table of Cardinal Numbers
Carcinal numbers from 1 through 1,000,000 1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 31 thirty-one
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 40 forty
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 50 fifty
4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four 60 sixty
5 five 15 fifteen 25 twenty-five 70 seventy
6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six 80 eighty
7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven 90 ninety
8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight 100 a/one hundred
9 nine 19 nineteen 29 twenty-nine 1,000 a/one thousand
10 ten 20 twenty 30 thirty 1,000,000 a/one million

Ordinal Numbers

When objects are placed in order, we use ordinal numbers to tell their position. Ordinal numbers are similar to the numbers that you learned before (they are called Cardinal numbers). If ten students ran a race, we would say that the student that ran the fastest was in first place, the next student was in second place, and so on.

The first ten ordinal numbers are:

First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth

Possessive Pronoun

Definition: We use the Possessive Pronouns when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a possession relation.
Subject Possessive
I Mine
You Yours
He His
She Hers
It Its
We Ours
You Yours
They Theirs


For example:


This is my book.
* In this example, we can substitute "my book" for the possessive pronoun "mine". => This is mine.

This is your disk and that's mine.
* Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.

A possessive pronoun indicates it is acting as a subject complement or a subject of the sentence.

For example:


The smallest gift is mine.
This is yours.
* Here the possessive pronouns acts as a subject complement.

His is on the kitchen counter.
Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.
Ours is the green one on the corner.
* Here the possessive pronoun acts as the subject of the sentence.

Note : Possessive pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives.

For example:


You can borrow my book as long as you remember that it's not yours.
=> The possessive "my" depends on the noun "book."
=> The possessive "yours" is a pronoun which stands in the place of "your book".

When you drive to Manitoba, will you take your car or theirs?
=> The possessive "your" depends on the noun "car."
=> The possessive pronoun, "theirs," stands in the place of the noun phrase, "their car."

Possessive Adjectives Adjetivos Posesivos

Possessive Adjectives Adjetivos Posesivos

Se utilizan para indicar a quién pertenece el sujeto u objeto de la oración. Van seguidos de un sustantivo (o una cláusula nominal).

Possessive Adjectives
my mi / mis
your tu / tus
his su / sus
her su / sus
its su / sus
our nuestro/a/os/as
your vuestro/a/os/as
their su / sus



Como se puede observar, son muchos menos que en español, ya que no se diferencian en singular o plural. Por ejemplo:

my car mi auto

my cars mis autos

Sin embargo, debe prestar atención cuando se refiere a la tercera persona, ya que en castellano se usa "su" en todos los casos, mientras que en inglés varían según la persona.

Note además que "your" puede referirse al singular (tu) o al plural (vuestro).

my house
your house
his house
her house
its house
our house
your house
their house

Si se está hablando de una persona y se describe su casa, se usaría his o her, según el sexo de dicha persona.

John lives in New York. His house is very big.
Susan lives in New York. Her house is very big.

Pero si se habla de un animal se debe utilizar its.

The cat lives in New York. Its name is Bob.

Verb Tobe

Full Forms of the verb to be

I am a student.
He is a teacher.
She is a journalist.
It is a book.
We are mechanics.
You are pilots.
They are policemen.


Contracted forms of the verb to be

I am a student.
He is a teacher.
She is a journalist.
It is a book.
We are mechanics.
You are pilots.
They are policemen.


El verbo 'To be' tiene una importancia especial en inglés. Se corresponde a los verbos españoles "ser" y "estar". Dependiendo del sentido de la frase deduciremos de cual de los dos se trata.

I am English / Soy inglés
I am in England / Estoy en Inglaterra

Tiene algunos usos especiales distintos a sus equivalentes españoles.

- Sirve para expresar la edad, en cuyo caso se traduce por 'tener':

Mary is 20 years old / Maria tiene 20 años
I am 21 / Yo tengo 21 años
How old are you? / ¿Cuántos años tienes?

- Para expresar las sensaciones también se emplea el verbo 'to be' y equivale al 'tener' español.

Are you hungry? / ¿Tienes hambre?
He is thirsty / Tiene sed

- También para hablar sobre el tiempo atmosférico. En este caso se traduce por 'hacer'

It's windy / Hace viento
It's very cold / Hace mucho frío

PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO

FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA
I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) am I?
soy, estoy no soy, no estoy ¿soy yo?, ¿estoy yo?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not) are you?
eres, estás no eres, no estás ¿eres tú?, ¿estás tú?
he is (he's) he is not (he's not) is he?
él es, está él no es, no está ¿es él?, ¿está él?
we are (we're) we are not (we're not) are we?
somos, estamos no somos, no estamos ¿somos?, ¿estamos?
you are (you're) you are not (you're not) are you?
sois, estáis no sois, no estáis ¿sois?, ¿estáis?
they are (they're) they are not (they're not) are they?
ellos son, están ellos no son, no están ¿son, están ellos

The Demosntrative Pronoun

Demonstrative pronouns (this - these / that - those)


Singular (this & that)

This is used to point at something close to you (this es esto / esta)

This is my laptop (I am touching it)
This radio does not work.

That is used to point at something far from you (that es eso / esa)

That jacket is not mine.
That is the best book I have read.

Plural (These / Those)

These (estos - estas) is the plural of this and it is used for close objects or people which are close

These are my favorite shoes.
These books are very old.

Those (esos - esas) is the plural of that and it is used for close objects or people which are far

Those are not my socks.
Those pictures are excellent.

The Demostrative Adjective

1) Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives:


Singular Plural Distance
This These Close to the speaker
That Those Far from the speaker

Demonstrative Pronouns: substitute nouns that are understood in context and indicate if they are replacing singular or plural nouns and give the location of the object.
Examples:
What’s that? (that se refiere a algo en singular y que se encuentra alejado de la persona)
- That is a book. (That es el sujeto pues va antes del verbo to be)

En estos casos son Demonstrative Pronouns pues renombran a un sustantivo (noun)

Demonstrative Adjectives: these describe nouns and there position. In this case, you need to put a noun after the demonstrative adjectives.
Examples:
Whose is this umbrella? (el sustantivo es “umbrella” y “this” esta describiendo la localización)
- That umbrella is Juan’s. (De igual forma “that” describa la localizacion de el paragua pero umbrella es el sujeto y sustantivo)

En ingles es mas simple que en ingles asi que recomiendo aprender la estructura sin necesidad de traducir pues en espanol hay mas reglas.

Introductions

There are a number of phrases that are commonly used to introduce strangers.

(name), I don't think you've met (name).
I don't think you know (name)
May I introduce you to (name)
(name), do you know (name)?
(name), I'd like you to meet (name)

When you meet someone the first time, it is common to greet the person with "How do you do?" the correct response is "How do you do." Here is a short introductory conversation:


Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: How do you do.
Ken: Mary works for ...

A variation is also "It's a pleasure to meet you." or "Pleased to meet you."

Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: It's a pleasure to meet you.
Mary: How do you do.
Ken: Mary works for ...

Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: Pleased to meet you.
Ken: Mary works for ...

In informal situations, especially in North America, introductions are also made simply saying: "This is (name)." It is also common to just say "Hi" or "Hello" as a response in this informal setting.

Ken: Peter, this is Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: Pleased to meet you.
Ken: Mary works for ...

It is also quite common to shake hands when you are introduced. After the initial introduction, hand shaking generally takes place in more formal, business situations. Otherwise, people just say "Hi."

Indefinite Article A´- AN

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

A / AN

Use 'a' with nouns starting with a consonant (letters that are not vowels),
'an' with nouns starting with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u)

Examples:

A boy
An apple
A car
An orange
A house
An opera

NOTE:
An before an h mute - an hour, an honour.
A before u and eu when they sound like 'you': a european, a university, a unit

The indefinite article is used:

to refer to something for the first time:
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
Would you like a drink?
I've finally got a good job.
to refer to a particular member of a group or class
Examples:

with names of jobs:
John is a doctor.
Mary is training to be an engineer.
He wants to be a dancer.
with nationalities and religions:
John is an Englishman.
Kate is a Catholic.
with musical instruments:
Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when the visitor arrived.
(BUT to describe the activity we say "He plays the violin.")
with names of days:
I was born on a Thursday


to refer to a kind of, or example of something:
the mouse had a tiny nose
the elephant had a long trunk
it was a very strange car
with singular nouns, after the words 'what' and 'such':
What a shame!
She's such a beautiful girl.
meaning 'one', referring to a single object or person:
I'd like an orange and two lemons please.
The burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting.

Notice also that we usually say a hundred, a thousand, a million.


NOTE: that we use 'one' to add emphasis or to contrast with other numbers:
I don't know one person who likes eating elephant meat.
We've got six computers but only one printer.

Personal Pronouns

Summary of the Forms of the Personal Pronouns
Se utilizan para indicar a quién pertenece algo. Como son pronombres, reemplazan al sustantivo al que se está haciendo referencia.




Dates

In American English the month is usually put before the day. If you wish, you can put the definite article before the day. It is common to write a comma before the year.

Dates:

Example: October (the) 5(th), 2004
You can also write the date by using numbers only. The most common forms are:
Example: 5/10/04 or 5-10-04

Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers